Polity Mini Constitution | Parts · Articles · Schedules · Bodies

📑 Index

Preamble — keywords, amendments, Berubari / Kesavananda
Mnemonics hub — TEARS, any Art. lookup, भाग-wise full lists, Hindi kahani
25 Parts — open each Part for star articles + memory line
12 Schedules — TEARS OF OLD PM (expanded table)
Writs only — HCMPQ + Art.32 vs 226
Amendment Acts — famous Constitution Amendment Acts (full names)
Original Constitution reader ↗
Bodies — Constitutional / Statutory / Regulatory + parent Act
Hindi story — one narrative to hold the Constitution skeleton
Flashcards + MCQs

📜 Preamble — full original text (tap gold words)

42nd Amendment (1976) added Socialist, Secular and integrity. Part of the Constitution (Kesavananda Bharati, 1973). Basic structure cannot be destroyed.

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:

JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;
and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

Tap a gold keyword for meaning.

🧠 Hindi: “हम लोग → संप्रभु + समाजवादी + धर्मनिरपेक्ष + लोकतांत्रिक गणराज्य” · न्याय–स्वतंत्रता–समानता–बंधुत्व। Date: 26 Nov 1949 (adopted) · Republic Day 26 Jan 1950 (commenced). Also: read full Constitution ↗

🧠 Mnemonics hub — remember, don’t only list

Widely used coaching mnemonics (StudyIndepth / Unacademy-style). Say the verse aloud once, then open Parts for articles. Sources are memory aids — always cross-check article numbers in the Constitution.

25 Parts — one sentence (original 22 + IV-A, IX-A, IX-B, XIV-A)

U Can Fly Directly From US to UP to Meet Civil Servent Ram; Fruits Taste Sweet To Eat So Only Eat Maggi As Tasty Snack.

Part VII repealed (old Part-B states). New Parts inserted alphabetically (IV-A, IX-A, IX-B, XIV-A) so numbering stayed stable.

Word	Part	Subject	Arts.
U	I	Union & Territory	1–4
Can	II	Citizenship	5–11
Fly	III	Fundamental Rights	12–35
Directly	IV	DPSP	36–51
From	IV-A	Fundamental Duties	51A
U	V	The Union	52–151
S	VI	The States	152–237
—	VII	Repealed	238
U	VIII	Union Territories	239–242
P	IX	Panchayats	243–243O
Meet	IX-A	Municipalities	243P–243ZG
Civil	IX-B	Co-operative societies	243ZH–243ZT
Servent	X	Scheduled & Tribal Areas	244–244A
Ram	XI	Union–State relations	245–263
Fruits	XII	Finance, property, contracts	264–300A
Taste	XIII	Trade & commerce	301–307
Sweet	XIV	Services (Union & States)	308–323
To	XIV-A	Tribunals	323A–323B
Eat	XV	Elections	324–329A
So	XVI	Special provisions (SC/ST/OBC)	330–342
Only	XVII	Official language	343–351
Eat	XVIII	Emergency	352–360
Maggi	XIX	Miscellaneous	361–367
As	XX	Amendment	368
Tasty	XXI	Temporary / special (370, 371…)	369–392
Snack	XXII	Short title, commencement, repeal	393–395

12 Schedules — TEARS OF OLD PM

Territory · Emoluments · Affirmations/oaths · Rajya Sabha seats · Scheduled Areas (5) · Other tribal areas NE (6) · Federal lists (7) · Official languages (8) · Land reforms shield (9) · Defection (10) · Panchayat 29 subjects (11) · M

Trap: 5 vs 6 (mainland scheduled areas vs Assam/Meghalaya/Tripura/Mizoram ADCs). 11 vs 12 = 29 rural vs 18 urban subjects.

Amendment → Schedule pairs

Numbers don’t match — memorise as fixed pairs:

1st Amendment → 9th Schedule (land reform shield)

52nd → 10th Schedule (anti-defection)

73rd → 11th Schedule + Part IX (Panchayat)

74th → 12th Schedule + Part IXA (Municipality)

High-yield article memory

Topic Mnemonic / hook

Fundamental Rights E-FRE-R-C-M — Equality 14–18 · FREedom 19–22 · Religion 25–28 · Culture 29–30 · Mandamus path 32 (writs). Hindi: समानता–स्वतंत्रता–धर्म–संस्कृति–उपचार।

DPSP buckets S-G-L — Socialist (38,39,41,42,43,43A,47) · Gandhian (40,43,46,47,48) · Liberal-intellectual (44,45,48A,49,50,51). Art.37 = non-justiciable but “fundamental in governance”.

Fundamental Duties ABCDE FGHIJK — full 11-clause table. (a)–(j) = 42nd; (k) = 86th. Not directly enforceable like FRs.

Emergency 352–356–360 — 352 National (war/external aggression/armed rebellion) · 356 State (President’s Rule) · 360 Financial (never used). Hindi: “तीन सौ बावन, तीन सौ छप्पन, तीन सौ साठ”.

Writs HCMPQ — Habeas Corpus · Mandamus · Prohibition · Certiorari · Quo Warranto. 32 SC (FRs) · 226 HC (FRs + other).

Constitutional bodies 324 ECI · 280 Finance Commission · 315 UPSC · 148 CAG · 279A GST Council · 32 “heart & soul” (Ambedkar).

Property right Was FR 31 → deleted by 44th; now 300A legal right (not FR).

Amendment procedure 368 — special majority; half of States must ratify federal features (election of President, 7th Schedule/lists, SC/HC, Union–State distribution, representation of States, Art.368 itself).

Part III — every Fundamental Right article (12–35)

Six rights in order: E-FRE-R-C-M (Exploitation sits between Freedom & Religion). Group tricks from CSEWhy / SaralUPSC-style notes.

Arts Right Mnemonic Per-article hook

12 Definition of “State” 12 = State Union + State govts, legislatures, local bodies under Centre — FRs run against “State”.

13 Judicial review 13 = void Law inconsistent with FRs is void (ordinance, rule, custom included).

14–18 Equality E-DOUT 14 Equality · 15 no Discrimination · 16 Opportunity in jobs · 17 Untouchability · 18 Titles

19–22 Freedom S-OLEA 19 Six freedoms (see SAAMRP below) · 20 Offences (ex-post-facto, double jeopardy, self-incrimination) · 21 Life & liberty · 21A Education 6–14 · 22 Arrest & detention

19(1) Six freedoms SAAMRP Speech · Assemble peacefully · Association · Move · Reside · Profession — (f) property removed → 300A

23–24 Exploitation TC “Take Care” 23 Trafficking & forced labour · 24 no Child labour in hazardous work (<14 factories etc.)

25–28 Religion PATE (पति) 25 Practice/propagate · 26 Affairs of religion · 27 no Tax for one religion · 28 Education & religious instruction rules

29–30 Culture & education ME 29 Minority language/culture · 30 Establish & administer minority institutions

32–35 Remedies SAME 32 SC writs (HCMPQ) · 33 Armed forces FR tweak by Parliament · 34 Martial law area · 35 Effectuating legislation

Deleted: Art.31 (property FR) — 44th → 300A legal right. Savings: 31A/31B/31C (land, 9th Sch., DPSP shield — courts + basic structure).

Part IV — every DPSP article (36–51)

State ka Goal: Socialist Gandhi ke Liberal ideas. (Edurev / Unacademy classification — not in Constitution text.)

Art Bucket One-line directive Memory hook

36 — “State” definition (like Art.12) 36 = same State as FRs — applies DPSP to whom.

37 — Non-justiciable but fundamental in governance 37 = Directions, not court orders — still shapes law & Art.21 expansion.

38 S Social, economic, political justice; minimise inequality 38 = 3 justices (social, economic, political).

39 S Livelihood, resources, pay, children… 39 = LEWPC — Livelihood · fair Economy/resources · no Wealth monopoly · equal Pay · Child tender age

39A S Equal justice & free legal aid 39A = Aid (42nd) — poor must get justice.

40 G Village panchayats 40 = Panchayat Gandhi dream → 73rd Am.

41 S Work, education, public assistance 41 = WEA — Work · Education · Assistance.

42 S Humane work & maternity 42 = Maternity humane conditions.

43 S+G Living wage; cottage industries 43 = Wage + Cottage — overlaps buckets (exam lists both).

43A S Workers in management (42nd) 43A = A for Association in industry.

43B G Promote co-operative societies (97th) 43B = B for Business co-ops · Part IXB.

44 L Uniform Civil Code 44 = One code for all citizens (directive, not yet uniform law).

45 L ECCE for children <6 (86th recast) 45 = Pre-school — was 0–14 earlier; now pairs with 21A/RTE for 6–14.

46 G SC/ST/weaker sections — edu & economic 46 = Weak uplift Gandhian concern.

47 S+G Nutrition, health; restrict intoxicating drinks/drugs 47 = Prohibition + Health — dry-state policy hook.

48 G Organise agriculture; cow slaughter policy 48 = Cow + farm — Gandhian “PVCC” cluster with 40, 43, 43B.

48A L Environment, forests, wildlife (42nd) 48A = A for Air/earth — read with Art.21.

49 L Protect monuments & heritage 49 = Museums — ASI-type protection.

50 L Separate judiciary from executive 50 = Separate — no collector-as-judge in criminal trials.

51 L International peace, security, arbitration 51 = Peace — just & honourable relations abroad.

Part IVA — all 11 Fundamental Duties [Art. 51A (a)–(k)]

ABCDE FGHIJK — one letter per clause (InsightsIAS / PSC Chronicles style). 42nd (1976) added (a)–(j); 86th (2002) added (k) with Art.21A/RTE.

Clause Keyword Duty (short)

51A(a) Abide Constitution, ideals, institutions, National Flag & Anthem

51A(b) Bapuji Cherish noble ideals of the freedom struggle

51A(c) Care SUI Uphold & protect Sovereignty, Unity, Integrity

51A(d) Defend Defend the country; national service when called

51A(e) Equality Harmony & brotherhood across diversities; renounce practices insulting women’s dignity

51A(f) Folk culture Value & preserve composite cultural heritage

51A(g) Green Protect environment (forests, lakes, rivers, wildlife); compassion for creatures

51A(h) Humanism Scientific temper, humanism, spirit of inquiry & reform

51A(i) Infrastructure Safeguard public property; abjure violence

51A(j) Jump Strive for excellence — individual & collective

51A(k) Kids Parent/guardian: education opportunity for child 6–14 years

Inspired by USSR Constitution (Swaran Singh Committee). Duties are not directly enforceable like FRs — but courts cite them (e.g. environment, RTE, flag cases).

📖 सरल हिंदी कहानियाँ — याद रहने वाला क्रम (FR · DPSP · कर्तव्य · केंद्र/राज्य)

एक बार पढ़ो, फिर अनुच्छेद नंबर अपने आप जुड़ जाएँ। पहले अंग्रेज़ी टेबल ऊपर; यहाँ कहानी-रूप है।

१. मूल अधिकार — “राम और संविधान-घर” (भाग III · 12–35)

राम नागरिक है। घर के बाहर लिखा: कौन-कौन इस घर पर राज करता है — 12 “राज्य” की परिभाषा। कोई भी कानून दीवार (13) से टकराए तो टूट जाता है — अदालत देखती है।

सामने समानता का दरवाज़ा — E-DOUT याद करो: 14 सबके लिए एक जैसा कानून; 15 कोई भेदभाव नहीं (छूट अलग); 16 सरकारी नौकरी में मौका; 17 छुआछूत मिटी; 18 तख्ता-पदक नहीं (सैन्य/शैक्षणिक ठीक)।

अंदर आज़ादी का कमरा — S-OLEA: 19 छह आज़ादियाँ (SAAMRP — बोलो, मिलो, संगठन, चलो, बसो, कमाओ); 20 पुरानी गलती पर नई सज़ा नहीं; 21 जीने की लाइफ़लाइन (गरिमा, प्राइवेसी भी); 21A बच्चे 6–14 स्कूल; 22 पकड़े तो सवाल-जवाब।

बगल में शोषण-रोधी कोना — TC: 23 गुलामी/तस्करी नहीं; 24 छोटे बच्चे खतरनाक काम में नहीं।

ऊपर धर्म की छत — PATE: 25–28 अपना धर्म, मठ-मंदिर चलाना, कर से एक धर्म नहीं, स्कूल में ज़बरदस्ती धर्म नहीं।

संस्कृति की अलमारी — ME: 29–30 अल्पसंख्यक भाषा-स्कूल बचे।

और घर का दिल — SAME: 32 सुप्रीम कोर्ट, पाँच रिट (HCMPQ) — अंबेडकर ने कहा “हृदय”; 33–35 सेना/मार्शल लॉ/कानून से पूरा करो। संपत्ति पहले 31 थी — अब 300A साधारण अधिकार।

२. नीति निर्देशक सिद्धांत — “माँ की सलाह की तख्ती” (भाग IV · 36–51)

मूल अधिकार कानूनी दीवार हैं (तोड़ो तो कोर्ट); DPSP सरकार की इच्छा-सूची है — 37 पर लिखा: अदालत नहीं, पर सरकार को मानना “ज़रूरी”। 36 = वही “राज्य” जो FR में।

तीन चाचा आते हैं — याद रखो: “राज्य का लक्ष्य: समाजवादी गाँधी के उदार विचार”

समाजवादी चाचा कहते: 38 बराबरी; 39 रोज़ी-रोटी, पैसा बँटे, बच्चे सुरक्षित (LEWPC); 39A गरीब को मुफ़्त वकील; 41 काम-पढ़ाई-मदद; 42 माँ-मज़दूर का सम्मान; 43/43A पूरी तनख़्वाह, मज़दूर की आवाज़; 47 सेहत, शराब कम।

गाँधी चाचा कहते: 40 गाँव की पंचायत; 43 घरेलू उद्योग; 43B सहकारी; 46 दलित-आदिवासी उठाओ; 48 गाय-खेत; 47 फिर सेहत (दोनों बोलते हैं — याद रखो!)।

उदार चाचा कहते: 44 एक नागरिक संहिता; 45 छोटे बच्चे की देखभाल; 48A हरा-भरा पर्यावरण; 49 किले-मंदिर संभालो; 50 जज अलग, कलेक्टर अलग; 51 दुनिया में शांति। यह सूची 51 पर खत्म — इसलिए “DPSP तक 51” याद करो।

३. मूल कर्तव्य — “घर के 11 नियम” (भाग IVA · 51A (a)–(k))

अधिकार मिले तो कर्तव्य भी — दीवार पर ABCDE FGHIJK (42वें संशोधन ने a–j; 86वें ने (k) जोड़ा):

(a) Abide — संविधान, झंडा, गान मानो · (b) Bapuji — आज़ादी के सपने · (c) Care SUI — एकता-अखंडता · (d) Defend — देश बचाओ · (e) Equality — भाईचारा, महिला सम्मान · (f) Folk — संस्कृति संभालो · (g) Green — पेड़-नदी · (h) Humanism — विज्ञान की सोच · (i) Infrastructure — सरकारी संपत्ति, हिंसा छोड़ो · (j) Jump — उत्कृष्टता · (k) Kids — माँ-बाप, 6–14 पढ़ाओ (21A के साथ जोड़ो)।

४. केंद्र और राज्य — “महल और हवेलियाँ” (भाग V · 52–151 · भाग VI · 152+)

दिल्ली का महल (केंद्र): सिंहासन 52 राष्ट्रपति — नाम उनका, बिजली 53 उनके पास, पर बटन 74–75 मंत्रिपरिषद दबाती है (सलाह बाध्य)। चुनाव 54–55, अवधि 56, गलती पर 61 महाभियोग। 63–65 उपराष्ट्रपति — राज्यसभा की कुर्सी। 72 क्षमा की छुरी। 76 महालेखा-वकील AG।

संसद की सभा 79: राष्ट्रपति + 80 राज्यसभा (12 नामांकित) + 81 लोकसभा। टकराव पर 108 संयुक्त बैठक — पैसा (109–110) और 368 संशोधन यहाँ नहीं! 123 अध्यादेश = जरूरत की दवा (अधिकतम ~6 सप्ताह). 124+ सुप्रीम कोर्ट; 148 CAG = खर्च की जाँच।

राज्य की हवेली: 153 राज्यपाल — 155 राष्ट्रपति भेजते हैं, 156 “खुशी” पर (हट सकते हैं)। सरकार 163–164 CM + मंत्री (विधानसभा जवाबदेह)। 161 राज्य क्षमा (मौत पर राष्ट्रपति 72). 168+ विधानमंडल; 200–201 बिल — राज्यपाल मुहर या राष्ट्रपति को भेजें। 214+ उच्च न्यायालय; लोगों की शिकायत 226 (FR + और भी)।

याद की चाबी केंद्र (V) राज्य (VI)

प्रमुख 52 राष्ट्रपति 153 राज्यपाल

असली सरकार 74–75 COM → LS 163–164 COM → विधानसभा

विधायिका 79 RS + LS 168 विधानसभा/परिषद

पैसा 109–110 मनी बिल 198–199 मनी बिल

जरूरत कानून 123 अध्यादेश 213 अध्यादेश

न्याय 124 SC 214 HC · 226 रिट

हिसाब 148 CAG राज्य लेखा (CAG ऑडिट)

🔢 किसी भी अनुच्छेद — तुरंत भाग + विषय

जैसे 149 → भाग V, CAG के कर्तव्य। ऊपर सर्च बॉक्स में भी नंबर लिखो।

Art.

📜 भाग-दर-भाग कहानी + सारे अनुच्छेद (क्रम में)

हर भाग खोलो — ऊपर एक-पंक्ति कहानी, नीचे पूरी सूची। याद: पहले भाग नंबर, फिर अनुच्छेद क्रम।

Topic	Mnemonic / hook
Fundamental Rights	E-FRE-R-C-M — Equality 14–18 · FREedom 19–22 · Religion 25–28 · Culture 29–30 · Mandamus path 32 (writs). Hindi: समानता–स्वतंत्रता–धर्म–संस्कृति–उपचार।
DPSP buckets	S-G-L — Socialist (38,39,41,42,43,43A,47) · Gandhian (40,43,46,47,48) · Liberal-intellectual (44,45,48A,49,50,51). Art.37 = non-justiciable but “fundamental in governance”.
Fundamental Duties	ABCDE FGHIJK — full 11-clause table. (a)–(j) = 42nd; (k) = 86th. Not directly enforceable like FRs.
Emergency	352–356–360 — 352 National (war/external aggression/armed rebellion) · 356 State (President’s Rule) · 360 Financial (never used). Hindi: “तीन सौ बावन, तीन सौ छप्पन, तीन सौ साठ”.
Writs	HCMPQ — Habeas Corpus · Mandamus · Prohibition · Certiorari · Quo Warranto. 32 SC (FRs) · 226 HC (FRs + other).
Constitutional bodies	324 ECI · 280 Finance Commission · 315 UPSC · 148 CAG · 279A GST Council · 32 “heart & soul” (Ambedkar).
Property right	Was FR 31 → deleted by 44th; now 300A legal right (not FR).
Amendment procedure	368 — special majority; half of States must ratify federal features (election of President, 7th Schedule/lists, SC/HC, Union–State distribution, representation of States, Art.368 itself).

Arts	Right	Mnemonic	Per-article hook
12	Definition of “State”	12 = State	Union + State govts, legislatures, local bodies under Centre — FRs run against “State”.
13	Judicial review	13 = void	Law inconsistent with FRs is void (ordinance, rule, custom included).
14–18	Equality	E-DOUT	14 Equality · 15 no Discrimination · 16 Opportunity in jobs · 17 Untouchability · 18 Titles
19–22	Freedom	S-OLEA	19 Six freedoms (see SAAMRP below) · 20 Offences (ex-post-facto, double jeopardy, self-incrimination) · 21 Life & liberty · 21A Education 6–14 · 22 Arrest & detention
19(1)	Six freedoms	SAAMRP	Speech · Assemble peacefully · Association · Move · Reside · Profession — (f) property removed → 300A
23–24	Exploitation	TC “Take Care”	23 Trafficking & forced labour · 24 no Child labour in hazardous work (<14 factories etc.)
25–28	Religion	PATE (पति)	25 Practice/propagate · 26 Affairs of religion · 27 no Tax for one religion · 28 Education & religious instruction rules
29–30	Culture & education	ME	29 Minority language/culture · 30 Establish & administer minority institutions
32–35	Remedies	SAME	32 SC writs (HCMPQ) · 33 Armed forces FR tweak by Parliament · 34 Martial law area · 35 Effectuating legislation

Art	Bucket	One-line directive	Memory hook
36	—	“State” definition (like Art.12)	36 = same State as FRs — applies DPSP to whom.
37	—	Non-justiciable but fundamental in governance	37 = Directions, not court orders — still shapes law & Art.21 expansion.
38	S	Social, economic, political justice; minimise inequality	38 = 3 justices (social, economic, political).
39	S	Livelihood, resources, pay, children…	39 = LEWPC — Livelihood · fair Economy/resources · no Wealth monopoly · equal Pay · Child tender age
39A	S	Equal justice & free legal aid	39A = Aid (42nd) — poor must get justice.
40	G	Village panchayats	40 = Panchayat Gandhi dream → 73rd Am.
41	S	Work, education, public assistance	41 = WEA — Work · Education · Assistance.
42	S	Humane work & maternity	42 = Maternity humane conditions.
43	S+G	Living wage; cottage industries	43 = Wage + Cottage — overlaps buckets (exam lists both).
43A	S	Workers in management (42nd)	43A = A for Association in industry.
43B	G	Promote co-operative societies (97th)	43B = B for Business co-ops · Part IXB.
44	L	Uniform Civil Code	44 = One code for all citizens (directive, not yet uniform law).
45	L	ECCE for children <6 (86th recast)	45 = Pre-school — was 0–14 earlier; now pairs with 21A/RTE for 6–14.
46	G	SC/ST/weaker sections — edu & economic	46 = Weak uplift Gandhian concern.
47	S+G	Nutrition, health; restrict intoxicating drinks/drugs	47 = Prohibition + Health — dry-state policy hook.
48	G	Organise agriculture; cow slaughter policy	48 = Cow + farm — Gandhian “PVCC” cluster with 40, 43, 43B.
48A	L	Environment, forests, wildlife (42nd)	48A = A for Air/earth — read with Art.21.
49	L	Protect monuments & heritage	49 = Museums — ASI-type protection.
50	L	Separate judiciary from executive	50 = Separate — no collector-as-judge in criminal trials.
51	L	International peace, security, arbitration	51 = Peace — just & honourable relations abroad.

Clause	Keyword	Duty (short)
51A(a)	Abide	Constitution, ideals, institutions, National Flag & Anthem
51A(b)	Bapuji	Cherish noble ideals of the freedom struggle
51A(c)	Care SUI	Uphold & protect Sovereignty, Unity, Integrity
51A(d)	Defend	Defend the country; national service when called
51A(e)	Equality	Harmony & brotherhood across diversities; renounce practices insulting women’s dignity
51A(f)	Folk culture	Value & preserve composite cultural heritage
51A(g)	Green	Protect environment (forests, lakes, rivers, wildlife); compassion for creatures
51A(h)	Humanism	Scientific temper, humanism, spirit of inquiry & reform
51A(i)	Infrastructure	Safeguard public property; abjure violence
51A(j)	Jump	Strive for excellence — individual & collective
51A(k)	Kids	Parent/guardian: education opportunity for child 6–14 years

याद की चाबी	केंद्र (V)	राज्य (VI)
प्रमुख	52 राष्ट्रपति	153 राज्यपाल
असली सरकार	74–75 COM → LS	163–164 COM → विधानसभा
विधायिका	79 RS + LS	168 विधानसभा/परिषद
पैसा	109–110 मनी बिल	198–199 मनी बिल
जरूरत कानून	123 अध्यादेश	213 अध्यादेश
न्याय	124 SC	214 HC · 226 रिट
हिसाब	148 CAG	राज्य लेखा (CAG ऑडिट)

📚 25 Parts — open any Part

Master verse: Mnemonics hub → U Can Fly…. Legend: EXAM = UPSC favourite. Click any article → drawer shows How to remember + original text.

👉 Open a Part → tap Study → on an article. Cross-check anytime on constitutionofindia.net.

Search box also jumps to articles

🗓️ 12 Schedules

🧠 TEARS OF OLD PM
Territory (1) · Emoluments (2) · Affirmations/Oaths (3) · Rajya Sabha allocation (4) · Scheduled Areas & Tribes admin (5) · Other tribal areas / Assam etc. (6) · Federal lists — Union/State/Concurrent (7) · Official Languages (8) · Land reforms / 31B (9) · Defection anti- (10) · Panchayat (11) · Municipality (12)
Hindi: “टीयर्स ऑफ़ ओल्ड पीएम” — याद रखो पूरा शब्द।

✍️ Writs only — HCMPQ

Five writs under Art.32 (SC) & Art.226 (HC). Hindi mnemonic: “हैबेअस कोर्पस मांडमस प्रोहिबिशन सर्टिओरारी क्वो वारंटो” → HCMPQ.

🧠 32 vs 226: SC (32) = only Fundamental Rights · HC (226) = FRs + “any other purpose” (legal rights too). 32 is itself a FR; 226 is constitutional power but not a FR. During Emergency, enforcement of many FRs can be suspended (359) — 44th protects 20 & 21.

Compare Art.32 (SC) Art.226 (HC)

Against whom / for what Primarily State; enforce FRs State + wider “any other purpose”

Territory All-India HC territory / cause of action (post-amendment reach)

Can Parliament suspend? Enforcement suspendable under 359 (with limits) Not a FR — different treatment

Ambedkar line “Heart and soul” Workhorse of Indian public law

🔧 Famous Amendment Acts

Full Act-style names + what changed. Filter by theme. Procedure: Art.368 — special majority; some need ratification by half the States.

⚠️ Basic structure (Kesavananda, 1973) limits amending power — e.g. NJAC 99th struck down. 9th Schedule laws still open to basic-structure review after I.R. Coelho (2007).

🏛️ Bodies — Constitutional · Statutory · Regulatory

Constitutional = born in Constitution. Statutory = born by an Act of Parliament/State. Regulatory = usually statutory + market/sector control.

⚠️ Trap: NITI Aayog / Planning Commission = executive resolution, neither constitutional nor statutory. NHRC = statutory (PHRA 1993). CAG / ECI / UPSC / FC = constitutional. Lokpal = statutory (Lokpal Act 2013).

📖 एक कहानी — पूरा कंकाल

विस्तार: Mnemonics → सरल हिंदी कहानियाँ (FR · DPSP · कर्तव्य · केंद्र/राज्य अनुच्छेद).

भारत के लोग एक घर बनाते हैं — नाम संविधान। दरवाज़े पर लिखा है प्रस्तावना: हम स्वतंत्र, समाजवादी, धर्मनिरपेक्ष, लोकतांत्रिक गणराज्य हैं।

घर में सबसे पहले नागरिक (भाग II) घुसते हैं, फिर दीवारों पर लिखे मूल अधिकार (III) — इनमें दिल है 32 (संवैधानिक उपचार)। बगल में सलाह की तख्ती DPSP (IV) और नागरिकों के कर्तव्य (IVA)।

ऊपर बैठता है राष्ट्रपति + संसद + मंत्रिपरिषद (V)। राज्यों में राज्यपाल + विधानमंडल (VI)। दोनों के बीच पुल = केंद्र–राज्य संबंध (XI) और पैसे का बँटवारा वित्त (XII) — वित्त आयोग Art.280।

झगड़े सुलझाती है न्यायापालिका (SC 124+, HC 214+)। चुनावी पहरेदार ECI 324, नौकरी वाली भर्ती UPSC 315, हिसाब रखने वाला CAG 148। गाँव–शहर की सफाई–सड़क Panchayat 243 / Municipality 243P।

खतरा आए तो आपातकाल 352/356/360 (XVIII)। घर की मरम्मत 368 (XX) से — पर बुनियाद (basic structure) नहीं तोड़ सकते। बारह अनुसूचियाँ = घर की अलमारियाँ (TEARS OF OLD PM)।

🎴 Flashcards (tap to flip)

📝 MCQs

Compare	Art.32 (SC)	Art.226 (HC)
Against whom / for what	Primarily State; enforce FRs	State + wider “any other purpose”
Territory	All-India	HC territory / cause of action (post-amendment reach)
Can Parliament suspend?	Enforcement suspendable under 359 (with limits)	Not a FR — different treatment
Ambedkar line	“Heart and soul”	Workhorse of Indian public law