🧠 Big map (don’t mix the two chapters)
Ch.2 = WHIttaker’s 5 kingdoms (Monera→Animalia, plus virus/viroid/prion extras).
Ch.3 = only Plantae (Algae→Angiosperm).
Ch.4 = only Animalia (Porifera→Chordata).
Ch.3 = only Plantae (Algae→Angiosperm).
Ch.4 = only Animalia (Porifera→Chordata).
Prelims loves example → group (Gonyaulax? Claviceps? Limulus? Cycas coralloid?). Learn the list, then the 2–3 characters that make that list unique.
① Biological Classification — NCERT examples
Five Kingdom (Whittaker 1969)
Monera · Protista · Fungi · Plantae · Animalia
🧠 MPF-PA — “Mere Papa Fought, Plants Alive.” Criteria: cell type, wall, nutrition, body org., reproduction. Linnaeus was only Plantae + Animalia. Woese later splits Monera into Archaea + Eubacteria (3 domains).
Monera (prokaryotes)
No nucleus / membrane organellesCell wall (except mycoplasma)
Archaebacteria: harsh habitats — methanogens (marsh, ruminant gut → biogas), halophiles (salt), thermoacidophiles (hot springs).
Eubacteria: coccus / bacillus / vibrio / spirillum. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) = chlorophyll a, Nostoc, Anabaena, Oscillatoria; heterocysts fix N2. Chemosynthetic + heterotrophic bacteria (lactobacillus, nitrogen fixers, pathogens).
Mycoplasma: no cell wall, smallest living cells (PPLO), many pathogenic.
Eubacteria: coccus / bacillus / vibrio / spirillum. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) = chlorophyll a, Nostoc, Anabaena, Oscillatoria; heterocysts fix N2. Chemosynthetic + heterotrophic bacteria (lactobacillus, nitrogen fixers, pathogens).
Mycoplasma: no cell wall, smallest living cells (PPLO), many pathogenic.
🧠 Cyanobacteria: “NOA — Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Anabaena”. Heterocyst = Nostoc/Anabaena. Mycoplasma = “wall-less mini me”.
Protista (unicellular eukaryotes)
Mostly aquaticCilia / flagella / pseudopodia
Chrysophytes: diatoms + desmids. Silica walls; diatomaceous earth. Chief producers.
Dinoflagellates: cellulose plates; 2 flagella; Gonyaulax → red tide, toxins kill fish.
Euglenoids: Euglena — protein pellicle (no cellulose wall); mixotrophic.
Slime moulds: saprophytic; aggregation = plasmodium; spores with true walls.
Protozoa: Amoeboid — Amoeba, Entamoeba (dysentery). Flagellated — Trypanosoma (sleeping sickness). Ciliated — Paramoecium. Sporozoans — Plasmodium (malaria).
Dinoflagellates: cellulose plates; 2 flagella; Gonyaulax → red tide, toxins kill fish.
Euglenoids: Euglena — protein pellicle (no cellulose wall); mixotrophic.
Slime moulds: saprophytic; aggregation = plasmodium; spores with true walls.
Protozoa: Amoeboid — Amoeba, Entamoeba (dysentery). Flagellated — Trypanosoma (sleeping sickness). Ciliated — Paramoecium. Sporozoans — Plasmodium (malaria).
🧠 Protozoa 4: “All Tigers Play Polo” — Amoeba/Entamoeba, Trypanosoma, Paramoecium, Plasmodium. Gonyaulax = red sea.
Fungi
Chitin wallFilamentous hyphae / myceliumMostly saprophytes
Phycomycetes (aseptate coenocytic): Mucor, Rhizopus (bread mould), Albugo (white rust of mustard).
Ascomycetes (sac fungi, septate): Aspergillus, Claviceps (ergot of rye), Neurospora (genetics), Penicillium, Saccharomyces (yeast, unicellular), morels, truffles (edible).
Basidiomycetes (club): Agaricus (mushroom), Ustilago (smut), Puccinia (rust of wheat).
Deuteromycetes (imperfect, only asexual): Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Trichoderma.
Ascomycetes (sac fungi, septate): Aspergillus, Claviceps (ergot of rye), Neurospora (genetics), Penicillium, Saccharomyces (yeast, unicellular), morels, truffles (edible).
Basidiomycetes (club): Agaricus (mushroom), Ustilago (smut), Puccinia (rust of wheat).
Deuteromycetes (imperfect, only asexual): Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Trichoderma.
🧠 Phyco: “MRA — Mucor Rhizopus Albugo”. Asco: “A Claviceps Never Pays Yeast”. Basidio: “AUP — Agaricus Ustilago Puccinia”. Imperfect: “ACT — Alternaria Colletotrichum Trichoderma”.
Virus · Viroid · Prion · Lichen
Virus: inert crystals outside host; nucleoprotein. Plant — TMV (RNA). Animal — many DNA/RNA. Bacterial — bacteriophage (usually dsDNA).
Viroid: only RNA, no protein coat — Potato spindle tuber (Diener, 1971).
Prion: only protein — mad cow / CJD.
Lichen: algae (phycobiont) + fungi (mycobiont); pioneers; pollution indicators.
Mycorrhiza: fungus + higher-plant roots (Pinus in Ch.3).
Viroid: only RNA, no protein coat — Potato spindle tuber (Diener, 1971).
Prion: only protein — mad cow / CJD.
Lichen: algae (phycobiont) + fungi (mycobiont); pioneers; pollution indicators.
Mycorrhiza: fungus + higher-plant roots (Pinus in Ch.3).
🧠 Virus = coat+NA. Viroid = RNA naked. Prion = protein only. Lichen = “algae cooks, fungus houses”.
| Group | Must-repeat exam line | NCERT example |
|---|---|---|
| Cyanobacteria | N2 fixation in heterocysts; blooms | Nostoc, Anabaena |
| Diatoms | Siliceous wall; diatomaceous earth | Chrysophytes |
| Dinoflagellates | Red tides; toxins | Gonyaulax |
| Phycomycetes | White rust of mustard | Albugo |
| Ascomycetes | Ergot; genetic model | Claviceps; Neurospora |
| Basidiomycetes | Wheat rust / smut | Puccinia; Ustilago |
| Viroid | No protein coat | Potato spindle tuber |
② Plant Kingdom — NCERT (Algae → Angiosperm)
🧠 Plant groups order
"A Brave Person Grows Apples"
Algae → Bryophyta → Pteridophyta → Gymnosperm → Angiosperm. Algae haplontic-ish; bryo/pterido haplo-diplontic; seed plants diplontic. Alternation of generations is the exam spine.
Algae — 3 classes (every NCERT genus)
Chlorophyll-bearing, simple thallus, aquatic; vegetative / asexual / sexual. Food: starch or laminarin/mannitol or floridean starch.
| Chlorophyceae (Green) | Phaeophyceae (Brown) | Rhodophyceae (Red) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pigment | chl a, b | chl a, c + fucoxanthin | chl a, d + phycoerythrin |
| Stored food | starch (pyrenoids) | laminarin, mannitol | floridean starch |
| Wall | cellulose | cellulose + algin | cellulose + pectin + polysulphate esters |
| Flagella | 2–8, equal, apical | 2, unequal, lateral | absent |
| NCERT examples | Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, Chara | Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Laminaria, Sargassum, Fucus | Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gracilaria, Gelidium |
| Use | food; hydrocolloid none famous | algin; kelps; iodine (Laminaria) | agar (Gelidium, Gracilaria); carrageenan; Porphyra food |
🧠 Green: “Clever VOLVO Uses SPRIng CHARA” — Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, Chara.
Brown: “Every DICTY Loves SARGassum FUCUS” — Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Laminaria, Sargassum, Fucus.
Red: “POLY POR GRAci GELi” — Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gracilaria, Gelidium. Red = deepest water (phycoerythrin).
Brown: “Every DICTY Loves SARGassum FUCUS” — Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Laminaria, Sargassum, Fucus.
Red: “POLY POR GRAci GELi” — Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gracilaria, Gelidium. Red = deepest water (phycoerythrin).
Bryophytes — amphibians of plant kingdom
First land plants but still need water for sperm. Gametophyte dominant, independent; sporophyte attached, dependent. No true xylem/phloem (primitive conducting).
Liverworts: thallus dorsiventral. Mosses: protonema → leafy gametophore; more developed sporophyte.
Riccia liverwort, thalloid
Marchantia liverwort; gemma cups (asexual)
Funaria moss (cord moss)
Polytrichum moss (hair cap)
Sphagnum peat moss; packing; fuel peat
🧠 Liverworts “Ri-Mar” Riccia Marchantia. Mosses “Fun Poly Sphag”. Sphagnum = peat = packing + fuel. Gemma cups = Marchantia only.
Pteridophytes — first vascular + true roots/stems/leaves
Sporophyte dominant. Homosporous mostly. Heterosporous (micro + megaspore) → seed habit precursor: Selaginella, Salvinia (NCERT named); also Marsilea, Azolla in same logic.
Prothallus = independent photosynthetic gametophyte. Need water for fertilisation.
Psilotum whisk fern
Lycopodium club moss
Selaginella spike moss; heterosporous
Equisetum horsetail
Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum ferns
Marsilea, Salvinia, Azolla aquatic ferns
🧠 “Please Let SELA EAT Dry Pteris Adiantum”. Heterosporous: “SELA SAL” Selaginella Salvinia. Azolla + Anabaena = biofertilizer (exam crossover).
Gymnosperms — naked seeds
Ovules not enclosed in ovary. Tap roots; needle/pinnate leaves; xylem tracheids (usually no vessels except Gnetales).
Male + female cones; pollen tube; no water needed. Endosperm haploid (from female gametophyte) — trap vs angiosperm triploid.
Cycas unbranched; pinnate leaves; coralloid roots (N2 cyanobacteria); megasporophylls not compact cones
Pinus mycorrhizal roots; compact cones; needle leaves
Cedrus deodar; cones
Sequoia one of the tallest trees (NCERT)
🧠 “Cycas Pinus Cedrus + Sequoia height”. Cycas = coralloid + unbranched. Pinus = mycorrhiza. Gymno endosperm = n, angio = 3n.
Angiosperms — seeds in fruit
Flowers; double fertilisation (syngamy 2n zygote + triple fusion 3n PEN → endosperm). Tiny gametophytes.
Dicot: two cotyledons, reticulate veins, tap root, flowers 4/5 — e.g. pea, gram, mango, sunflower (NCERT type examples).
Monocot: one cotyledon, parallel veins, fibrous root, flowers 3 — e.g. wheat, rice, maize, bamboo, banana, coconut.
Monocot: one cotyledon, parallel veins, fibrous root, flowers 3 — e.g. wheat, rice, maize, bamboo, banana, coconut.
🧠 Double fert = unique to angiosperms. Dicot 2-4-5 / Monocot 1-3-∞ fibrous. Fruit = mature ovary.
⚠️ Plant traps: Algae are plants in Ch.3 but cyanobacteria are Monera in Ch.2. Sphagnum is a moss not a peat “fungus”. Agar is red algae (Gelidium/Gracilaria) not brown. Selaginella is a pteridophyte, not a gymnosperm. Cycas leaflets look like ferns but it is gymnosperm. Volvox is colonial green alga, not a protozoan.
③ Animal Kingdom — 11 phyla (all NCERT examples)
🧠 Phylum order
"Please Call Can’t Play At All, Aunt Mary Enjoys Happy Company"
Porifera · Cnidaria · Ctenophora · Platyhelminthes · Aschelminthes · Annelida · Arthropoda · Mollusca · Echinodermata · Hemichordata · Chordata
1 Porifera — sponges
Cellular level, mostly marine, asymmetrical. Water canal: ostia → spongocoel → osculum. Choanocytes. Spicules / spongin. Hermaphrodite; internal fert.; indirect development.
Sycon (Scypha)
Spongilla freshwater
Euspongia bath sponge
🧠 “Super Sponge Examples”. Spongilla = only freshwater in the list.
2 Cnidaria (Coelenterata)
Tissue, radial, diploblastic. Cnidoblasts (stinging). Gastrovascular cavity, one opening. Polyp (sessile) / medusa (free). Metagenesis in Obelia. Corals = CaCO3 skeleton.
Hydra freshwater polyp
Obelia metagenesis
Aurelia jellyfish / medusa
Physalia Portuguese man-of-war
Adamsia sea anemone
Pennatula sea pen
Gorgonia sea fan
Meandrina brain coral
🧠 “HOA + Papa Adam’s Pen Got Meandrina” — Hydra Obelia Aurelia; Physalia Adamsia Pennatula Gorgonia Meandrina. Physalia ≠ fish.
3 Ctenophora — comb jellies
Marine only. Radial, diploblastic. 8 comb plates (cilia) for swimming. Bioluminescence. External fert.
Pleurobrachia
Ctenoplana
🧠 “PC comb” + 8 plates. Not Cnidaria (no cnidoblasts).
4 Platyhelminthes — flatworms
Organ level, bilateral, triploblastic, acoelomate. Dorsiventrally flat. Flame cells (protonephridia). Many parasites with hooks/suckers. Planaria = high regeneration.
Taenia tapeworm
Fasciola liver fluke
Planaria (Dugesia) free-living
🧠 “The Flat People”. Incomplete gut; no anus.
5 Aschelminthes — roundworms
Organ-system, bilateral, triploblastic, pseudocoelom. Cylindrical. Complete alimentary canal. Usually dioecious; ♂ smaller, curved tail. Parasites of plants & animals.
Ascaris intestinal roundworm
Wuchereria filarial / elephantiasis
Ancylostoma hookworm
🧠 “Always Wash Arms”. Wuchereria = lymph, not intestine.
6 Annelida — segmented worms
Metameric segmentation. True coelom. Longitudinal + circular muscles. Closed circulation. Nephridia. Neural: dorsal nerve ring + ventral cord.
Nereis aquatic; parapodia (lateral appendages)
Pheretima earthworm
Hirudinaria leech (blood-sucking)
🧠 “Nereis Pheretima Hirudinaria — NPH”. Parapodia = Nereis, not earthworm.
7 Arthropoda — largest phylum
Jointed appendages, chitinous exoskeleton, tagged body, open circulation, Malpighian tubules (insects), sensory organs (antennae, compound/simple eyes, statocysts).
NCERT also groups prawns, beetles, cockroach, spiders, scorpions here.
Apis honey bee
Bombyx silkworm
Laccifer lac insect
Anopheles, Culex, Aedes mosquito vectors
Locusta locust (gregarious pest)
Limulus king crab — living fossil
🧠 Economic: “A Bee Lacs Silk” Apis Bombyx Laccifer. Fossil: Limulus. Locusta = swarm.
8 Mollusca — second largest
Soft body, calcareous shell (often), unsegmented, coelomates. Mantle, muscular foot, rasping radula (file-like). Open circulation (except cephalopods). Soft body covered by mantle.
Pila apple snail
Pinctada pearl oyster
Sepia cuttlefish
Loligo squid
Octopus devil fish
Aplysia sea hare
Dentalium tusk shell
Chaetopleura chiton
🧠 “Pila’s Pearls: Sepia Loligo Octopus; Aplysia Dental Chiton”. Octopus = devil fish ≠ fish. Pinctada = pearl.
9 Echinodermata
Marine. Adult radial, larva bilateral. Spiny calcareous endoskeleton. Water vascular (ambulacral) system → locomotion, capture, respiration. Complete gut. Excretory absent. Separate sexes, external fert., indirect.
Asterias starfish
Echinus sea urchin
Antedon sea lily
Cucumaria sea cucumber
Ophiura brittle star
🧠 “An Echinus Ate Cucumber, Ophiura”. Water vascular = this phylum only.
10 Hemichordata
Worm-like marine. Body: proboscis, collar, trunk. Open circulation. Gill slits. Tornaria larva (Balanoglossus). Now a separate phylum (not under Chordata).
Balanoglossus acorn worm
Saccoglossus
🧠 “Bala Sacco”. Collar + proboscis. Not a true notochord (stomochord).
④ Chordata — NCERT examples by class
Notochord · dorsal hollow nerve cord · pharyngeal gill slits · post-anal tail
Urochordata: notochord in larval tail only — Ascidia, Salpa, Doliolum.
Cephalochordata: notochord head-to-tail, all life — Branchiostoma (Amphioxus).
Vertebrata: notochord replaced by vertebral column (embryonic notochord).
🧠 Protochordates = Uro + Cephalo. “ASD Ascidia Salpa Doliolum”. “Branchiostoma = Amphioxus”.
Cephalochordata: notochord head-to-tail, all life — Branchiostoma (Amphioxus).
Vertebrata: notochord replaced by vertebral column (embryonic notochord).
🧠 Protochordates = Uro + Cephalo. “ASD Ascidia Salpa Doliolum”. “Branchiostoma = Amphioxus”.
Cyclostomata — jawless
Eel-like, no jaws/scales/paired fins. Sucking mouth, 6–15 pairs gill slits. Cartilaginous cranium. Marine, spawn in freshwater, die after spawning (lamprey).
Petromyzon lamprey
Myxine hagfish
🧠 “Petro Myx”. Jawless vampires.
Chondrichthyes — cartilaginous fish
Marine. Cartilage skeleton, placoid scales, heterocercal tail, no air bladder (must swim). Gills not covered by operculum. Claspers in males. Internal fert. Some viviparous.
Scoliodon dogfish
Pristis sawfish
Carcharodon great white shark
Trygon sting ray
Torpedo electric ray
🧠 “Scolio Pristis Carcha Trygon Torpedo”. Torpedo = electric; Trygon = sting. No operculum.
Osteichthyes — bony fish
Marine + freshwater. Bony endoskeleton, cycloid/ctenoid scales, operculum, air bladder (buoyancy), homocercal tail. External fert. usually, oviparous.
Exocoetus flying fish
Hippocampus seahorse
Labeo rohu
Catla katla
Clarias magur
Betta fighting fish
Pterophyllum angelfish
🧠 Marine show-off: Exocoetus + Hippocampus. Indian carp: Labeo Catla. Aquarium: Betta Pterophyllum Clarias.
Amphibia — dual life
Moist skin (also respiration). 3-chambered heart. Tympanum. Ureotelic. External fert., oviparous, indirect (tadpole) usually. Need water for breeding.
Bufo toad
Rana frog
Hyla tree frog
Salamandra salamander
Ichthyophis limbless caecilian
🧠 “Bufo Rana Hyla; Sala Ichthyo”. Ichthyophis = snake-like amphibian, not a reptile.
Reptilia — creeping
Dry cornified skin, epidermal scales/scutes. 3-chambered heart except crocodiles (4). Uricotelism. Internal fert., oviparous, shelled eggs. Tympanum.
Chelone turtle
Testudo tortoise
Chameleon tree lizard
Calotes garden lizard
Crocodilus crocodile
Alligator
Hemidactylus wall lizard
Naja cobra
Bungarus krait
Vipera viper
🧠 Turtle Chelone / Tortoise Testudo. Snakes: “NaBuVi” Naja Bungarus Vipera. Crocodile 4-chambered heart trap.
Aves — birds
Feathers, beak (no teeth), forelimbs → wings. Hollow bones, air sacs, 4-chambered heart, warm-blooded. Syrinx. Uricotelic. Internal fert., oviparous, calcareous eggs.
Corvus crow
Columba pigeon
Psittacula parrot
Struthio ostrich (flightless)
Pavo peacock
Aptenodytes penguin (flightless)
Neophron vulture
🧠 “Crow Pigeon Parrot; Ostrich Peacock Penguin Vulture”. Flightless: Struthio + Aptenodytes.
Mammalia — NCERT full list
Mammary glands, hair, pinna (usually), 4-chambered heart, warm-blooded, lungs with diaphragm, internal fert. Mostly viviparous; oviparous exception: platypus.
Ornithorhynchus platypus — egg-laying
Macropus kangaroo — marsupial
Pteropus flying fox (bat)
Camelus camel
Macaca monkey
Rattus rat
Canis dog
Felis cat
Elephas elephant
Equus horse
Delphinus dolphin
Balaenoptera blue whale
Panthera tigris tiger
Panthera leo lion
🧠 Oviparous mammal = platypus only in this list. Whale/dolphin = mammals not fish. Bat = mammal not bird. Kangaroo = marsupial pouch.
⑤ Highest-repeat matching (print this)
| Example | Answer they want |
|---|---|
| Gonyaulax | Dinoflagellate; red tide |
| Albugo | Phycomycete; white rust of mustard |
| Claviceps / Neurospora / Puccinia / Ustilago | Ergot / genetics / wheat rust / smut |
| Sphagnum | Moss; peat |
| Selaginella, Salvinia | Heterosporous pteridophytes |
| Cycas coralloid roots / Pinus mycorrhiza | Gymnosperm characters |
| Gelidium, Gracilaria | Agar (red algae) |
| Spongilla | Freshwater sponge |
| Physalia / Adamsia / Meandrina | Man-of-war / sea anemone / brain coral |
| Wuchereria | Filaria, elephantiasis |
| Limulus | Living fossil arthropod |
| Laccifer | Lac insect |
| Pinctada | Pearl oyster |
| Octopus | Devil fish — mollusc |
| Water vascular system | Echinodermata |
| Branchiostoma | Cephalochordate |
| Petromyzon, Myxine | Jawless cyclostomes |
| Torpedo / Hippocampus | Electric ray (cartilage) / seahorse (bony) |
| Ichthyophis | Limbless amphibian |
| Ornithorhynchus | Oviparous mammal |
| Flame cells / Malpighian / nephridia / kidneys | Platyhelminthes / insects / annelids / vertebrates |
📝 Prelims-style MCQs (NCERT examples)
Q1. Red tides that kill fish are caused by?
A. Nostoc
B. Gonyaulax
C. Euglena
D. Diatoms
B. Gonyaulax = dinoflagellate. Diatoms make diatomaceous earth, not red tide.
Q2. White rust of mustard is?
A. Puccinia
B. Ustilago
C. Albugo
D. Colletotrichum
C. Albugo (Phycomycetes). Puccinia = rust of wheat (Basidiomycetes).
Q3. Agar is obtained from?
A. Laminaria, Sargassum
B. Gelidium, Gracilaria
C. Chara, Volvox
D. Funaria, Sphagnum
B. Red algae. Laminaria/Sargassum = algin / brown algae.
Q4. Heterosporous pteridophytes named in NCERT?
A. Funaria and Marchantia
B. Selaginella and Salvinia
C. Cycas and Pinus
D. Dryopteris and Pteris
B. Seed-habit precursors. Dryopteris/Pteris are typically homosporous ferns.
Q5. Coralloid roots with N2-fixing cyanobacteria?
A. Pinus
B. Cycas
C. Cedrus
D. Marchantia
B. Cycas. Pinus = mycorrhiza, not coralloid.
Q6. Freshwater sponge in NCERT?
A. Sycon
B. Euspongia
C. Spongilla
D. Adamsia
C. Spongilla. Adamsia is a cnidarian (sea anemone).
Q7. Portuguese man-of-war is?
A. Physalia
B. Aurelia
C. Pleurobrachia
D. Sepia
A. Physalia (Cnidaria). Aurelia = jellyfish. Pleurobrachia = ctenophore. Sepia = mollusc.
Q8. Flame cells are the excretory organs of?
A. Annelida
B. Platyhelminthes
C. Aschelminthes
D. Arthropoda
B. Flame cells. Annelida = nephridia. Insects = Malpighian tubules.
Q9. Living fossil king crab?
A. Locusta
B. Limulus
C. Laccifer
D. Loligo
B. Limulus. Laccifer = lac. Locusta = locust. Loligo = squid.
Q10. Water vascular system is diagnostic of?
A. Mollusca
B. Hemichordata
C. Echinodermata
D. Porifera
C. Ambulacral system. Porifera has canal system of a different kind (ostia–osculum).
Q11. Branchiostoma (Amphioxus) belongs to?
A. Urochordata
B. Cephalochordata
C. Cyclostomata
D. Hemichordata
B. Notochord throughout life. Urochordate examples: Ascidia, Salpa, Doliolum.
Q12. Which pair is cyclostome?
A. Scoliodon and Trygon
B. Petromyzon and Myxine
C. Exocoetus and Hippocampus
D. Balanoglossus and Saccoglossus
B. Jawless. D is Hemichordata. A cartilage fish; C bony fish.
Q13. Hippocampus is a?
A. Cartilaginous fish
B. Bony fish
C. Amphibian
D. Mollusc
B. Seahorse = Osteichthyes. Torpedo (electric ray) is Chondrichthyes.
Q14. Limbless amphibian in NCERT?
A. Hyla
B. Ichthyophis
C. Calotes
D. Naja
B. Caecilian. Calotes/Naja = reptiles. Hyla = tree frog.
Q15. Oviparous mammal in the NCERT list?
A. Macropus
B. Pteropus
C. Ornithorhynchus
D. Balaenoptera
C. Platypus. Macropus = marsupial (live young in pouch). Pteropus = bat. Balaenoptera = blue whale.
Q16. Devil fish is?
A. Trygon
B. Octopus
C. Hippocampus
D. Petromyzon
B. Octopus (mollusc). Trygon = sting ray.
Q17. Which fungus is used heavily in biochemical/genetic work in NCERT?
A. Neurospora
B. Albugo
C. Ustilago
D. Puccinia
A. Neurospora (Ascomycetes). Others are plant pathogens.
Q18. Potato spindle tuber disease is caused by a?
A. Virus (TMV type)
B. Viroid
C. Prion
D. Mycoplasma
B. Viroid = free RNA, no protein coat (Diener).